Learn About the Distant Dwarf Planet Pluto

Of all the planets in the solar system, the tiny dwarf planet Pluto captures peoples attention like no other. For one thing, it was discovered in 1930 by astronomer Clyde Tombaugh. Most planets most planets were found much earlier. For another, its so distant no one knew much about it. That was true until 2015 when the New Horizons spacecraft flew by and gave gorgeous close-up images of it. However, the biggest reason Pluto is on peoples minds is for a much simpler reason: in 2006, a small group of astronomers (most of them not planetary scientists), decided to demote Pluto from being a planet. That started a huge controversy that continues to this day.   Pluto from Earth Pluto is so far away that we cant see it with the naked eye. Most desktop planetarium programs and digital apps can show observers where Pluto is, but anyone wishing to see it needs a pretty good telescope. The Hubble Space Telescope, which orbits Earth, has been able to observe it, but the great distance didnt allow a highly detailed image.   Pluto lies in a region of the solar system called the Kuiper Belt. It contains more dwarf planets, plus a collection of cometary nuclei. Planetary astronomers sometimes refer to this area as the third regime of the solar system, more distant than the terrestrial and gas giant planets.   Pluto by the Numbers As a dwarf planet, Pluto is obviously a small world. It measures 7,232 km around at its equator, which makes it smaller than Mercury and the Jovian moon Ganymede. Its much larger than its companion world Charon, which is  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹3,792  km  around.   For a long time, people thought Pluto was an ice world, which makes sense since it orbits so far from the Sun in a realm where most gases freeze to ice. Studies made by the New Horizons craft show that there is indeed a lot of ice at Pluto. However, it turns out to much denser than expected, which means it has a rocky component far beneath the icy crust.   Distance lends Pluto a certain amount of mystery since we cant see any of its features from Earth. It lies an average of 6 billion kilometers from the Sun. In reality, Plutos orbit is very elliptical (egg-shaped) and so this little world can be anywhere from 4.4 billion km to just over 7.3 billion km, depending on where it is in its orbit. Since it lies so far away from the Sun, Pluto takes 248 Earth years to make one trip around the Sun.   Pluto on the Surface Once New Horizons got to Pluto, it found a world covered with nitrogen ice in some places, along with some water ice. Some of the surface appears very dark and reddish. This is due to an organic substance that is created when ices are bombarded by ultraviolet light from the Sun. Theres a great deal of fairly young ice deposited on the surface, which comes from inside the planet. Jagged mountain peaks made of water ice rise up above flat plains and some of those mountains are as high as the Rockies.   Pluto Under the Surface So, what causes ice to ooze up from underneath Plutos surface?  Planetary scientists have a good idea that theres something heating the planet deep within the core. This mechanism is what helps pave the surface with fresh ice, and shoves up the mountain ranges. One scientist described Pluto as a giant, cosmic lava lamp. Pluto Above the Surface Like most other planets (except Mercury) Pluto has an atmosphere. Its not a very thick one, but the New Horizons spacecraft could definitely detect it.  Mission data show that the atmosphere, which is mostly nitrogen, is replenished as nitrogen gas escapes from the planet. Theres also evidence that material escaping from Pluto manages to land on Charon and collect around its polar cap. Over time, that material is darkened by solar ultraviolet light, too.   Plutos Family Along with Charon, Pluto sports a retinue of tiny moons called Styx, Nix, Kerberos, and Hydra. Theyre oddly shaped and appear to be captured by Pluto after a gigantic collision in the distant past. In keeping with naming conventions used by astronomers, the moons are named from creatures associated with the god of the underworld, Pluto.  Styx is the river that dead souls  cross to get to Hades. Nix is the Greek goddess of darkness, while Hydra was a many-headed serpent. Kerberos is an alternate spelling for Cerberus, the so-called hound of Hades who guarded the gates to the underworld in mythology. Whats Next for Pluto Exploration? There are no further missions being built to go to Pluto. There are plans on the drawing board for one or more that could go out this distant outpost in the solar systems Kuiper Belt and possibly even land there.

How to Conjugate Compléter, to Complete

As you might suspect, the French verb  complà ©ter  means to complete. Its a very useful word to add to your vocabulary. As with all verbs, when you want to say completed or completing, a conjugation is necessary. This French lesson will walk you through the process. Complà ©ter Conjugation In English, we conjugate verbs by adding an -ing or -ed ending to change from the present to the past tense. The same is done in French, though its a little more complex. Thats because there is a different infinitive ending for every subject pronoun in every tense. Complà ©ter  is a  stem-changing verb  as well. This poses a special challenge in the conjugations. While its not a big deal in the pronunciation, it matters when the word is written down. In the conjugation chart, look closely and you will notice that the accented e changes along the way. This happens often in verbs ending in -à ©_er,  such as  accà ©der  (to reach). Also, for the future tense, you can use either the grave à ¨ or acute à ©. Beyond that, the conjugations are rather simple. Study the chart and pair the proper subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I complete is je complà ©te and we will complete is nous complà ©terez or nous complà ¨terez. Subject Present Future Imperfect je complà ¨te complà ©teraicomplà ¨terai complà ©tais tu complà ¨tes complà ©terascomplà ¨teras complà ©tais il complà ¨te complà ©teracomplà ¨tera complà ©tait nous complà ©tons complà ©teronscomplà ¨terons complà ©tions vous complà ©tez complà ©terezcomplà ¨terez complà ©tiez ils complà ¨tent omplà ©terontcomplà ¨teront complà ©taient Present Participle The  present participle  of complà ©ter  is complà ©tant. This can be used as a verb, of course, but also serves as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. Passà © Composà © and Past Participle The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common form of the past tense in French. Its formed by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to match the subject, then attaching the  past participle  complà ©tà ©. To put this together, I completed is jai complà ©tà © and we completed is nous avons complà ©tà ©. The  ai and avons  are conjugations of  avoir. More Simple  Conjugations There may be times when the action of completing is uncertain. That is when you might employ either the subjunctive or conditional verb forms. In literature, you may see the passà © simple or imperfect subjunctive in use. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Passà © Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je complà ¨te complà ©teraiscomplà ¨terais complà ©tai complà ©tasse tu complà ¨tes complà ©teraiscomplà ¨terais complà ©tas complà ©tasses il complà ¨te complà ©teraitcomplà ¨terait complà ©ta complà ©tà ¢t nous complà ©tions complà ©terionscomplà ¨terions complà ©tà ¢mes complà ©tassions vous complà ©tiez complà ©teriezcomplà ¨teriez complà ©tà ¢tes complà ©tassiez ils complà ¨tent complà ©teraientcomplà ¨teraient complà ©tà ¨rent complà ©tassent To use  complà ©ter  in an exclamation, use the imperative form. When doing this, you can skip the subject pronoun, so rather than tu complà ©te, you can simply say complà ©te. Imperative (tu) complà ¨te (nous) complà ©tons (vous) complà ©tez

The Suicide of Cato the Younger

Domestic Violence A Global Public Health Problem Of...

Executive Summary 2 Introduction 2 Theoretical Frameworks 3 Defining Domestic Violence 5 A Brief History 6 International Comparisons 7 Discussion of Domestic Violence 9 References 10 Executive Summary This report will offer a review of Domestic Violence in Aotearoa/New Zealand. The ways in which this abuse occurs will be included as well as theoretical frameworks to aid in understanding the extent of this social problem. A review was issued by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2013. In this review it was found that violence against women affected more than one third of women worldwide. Information was gathered internationally and due to the findings, it was concluded that this was â€Å"a global public health problem of epidemic proportions, requiring urgent action† (WHO, 2013,p3). Introduction The discussion of social problems and how they can be defined is the purpose of this report. Various theoretical understandings such as social pathology, social discrimination, realist and the critical approach will be interpreted and then be utilised in this report to explore the social problem of domestic violence in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Theoretical Frameworks There are many different sociological approaches which can be used to comprehend a social problem. 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To what extent was the vietnam war part of the cold war Free Essays

To what extent was the Vietnam War part of the Cold War? The Vietnam war was a cold war-era mllltary conflict In southeast Asia. conflict officially began on November 1st In 1955 and ended on April 30th 1975 with the fall of Saigon. With that it lasted nearly 20 years, which makes it one of the longest military conflicts ever In human history. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was the vietnam war part of the cold war or any similar topic only for you Order Now The war was fought between the communistic North Vietnamese and the Anti-communlsuc south. The north was supported by various nations, including the Soviet union, China, Cuba, Bulgaria and any others. The south, which was supposedly the by far weaker army, was also supported by a number of countries, the US, South Korea, Australia, Spain and Thailand are only a few of the numerous supporters ot the South. The main problem in the war for the Anti-Communist forces was the Vietcong. which was a lightly armed south Vietnamese communist Guerrilla which was hard to fght, especially for the heavily armed US army. The Vietcong dug complicated tunnel systems and trenches to fight the US In to them unknown territory. The Vietcong referred this Guerrilla warfare in the rainforests to open battle. The Vietcong also used traps, mines and their knowledge of the region to bring a whole load of trouble upon the US troops. This resulted in heavy bombing raids by the US Air force, this was widely criticised around the whole world as it was seen as a breach of the human rights that the US bombed North Vietnam with napalm bombs. In total, more bombs were dropped on North Vietnam during the Vietnam War than on Germany in the Second World War! In 1968 the Guerrilla warfare stopped and during the national Tet holiday (from hich the attack got its name: Tet offensive) the North Vietnamese army started an assault against over 100 Vietnamese Cities, including the US embassy in Saigon. Although the Anti-communist forces were Initially driven back, they were quick to recover and struck back Immediately, decimating the ranks of the North Vietnamese Vietnam was the battlefield where the cold war was actually really fought, not only talked about or empty threats being thrown at each other. The united States used Vietnam to blow an attack against Communism in the world. Extinguishing communism was the major goal of the United States in the cold war and in Vietnam they had the perfect region to attack. The US and the Soviet union did not dare to attack each other directly. that is why they fought their war, also if not directly, in the muddy forests of Vietnam. None of them had the courage or the means to enter a direct conflict against the other, one tOf2 conflict during the cold war was not directly between the US and the Soviets as the Soviets only supported the North Vietnam army with money, ammunition and weapons. A direct intervening from the Soviets would probably have ended in a 3rd World War as many nations were already involved in the war in Vietnam and the US could not let a direct Soviet attack unpunished. With that, it was better for the rest of the world that the Soviet Union did not directly involve itself in the fighting. A widely discussed topic is the outcome of the Vietnam War. According to various American sourcesl the Vietnam War was won by the US when they finally left the country in 1975. It is though generally known that the North Vietnamese won the war, hey took the capital of the south; Saigon, on April 30th 1975 and with that won the war. The South Vietnamese army was defeated and left with a total of 800,00 casualties (military and civilian). The US had a total of 58,220 dead soldiers; additional 303,644 soldiers were wounded. The Anti-Communist army had a total of 670,000-1 casualties whereas the North Vietnamese had about 600,000-1 losses. Concluding, the Vietnam War was a huge, if not the major, part of the Cold War. How to cite To what extent was the vietnam war part of the cold war, Essays

Deconstructing Mammalian Thermoregulation

Question: Discuss about the Deconstructing Mammalian Thermoregulation. Answer: Introduction: Homeostatic regulation of decreased body temperature is a vital aspect in maintaining a normal body temperature. Endothermic animals such as mammals are capable of maintaining a fairly constant body temperature of 37.5? C. The thermoregulatory centre located in the hypothalamus is responsible for controlling the body temperature. Two sets of thermoreceptors sends the impulse to the hypothalamus, core temperature is regulated by the receptors in the hypothalamus itself while the receptors in the skin monitor the temperature changes relevant to the external environment. Thus these both sets of information are essential to make appropriate adjustments (Liedtke, 2017). Adjustments in the body temperature are maintained by means of relaying of impulses by the hypothalamus to the various effectors. The responses to lowered body temperature cause the stimulation of the thermoregulatory centre that in turn is under the control of the autonomic nervous system and therefore involuntary respons es take place. In situations of extreme cold or decreased body temperature, hypothalamus triggers the response pertaining to the conservation of heat through stimulation of the heat conservation centre. However some of the responses pertinent to the low temperature leads to actual production of heat inside the body by a mechanism termed as thermogenesis whilst other responses include the conservation of heat. Hence depending upon the internal as well as external body temperature, a wide range of bodily responses occurs that render suitable adjustments in the body. The responses are all evident at the effectors. As response to low temperature the smooth muscles located in arteriole in the skin undergo vasoconstriction through contraction of the muscles. Due to this vasoconstriction less heat is transferred from the core to the bodily surface thereby maintaining the core temperature (Romanovsky, 2014). Chances of the extremities turning blue coupled with the feelings of cold and damag e due to frostbite might take place at this point. No sweat production occurs in response to decreased body temperature as the sweat gland effectors remain non-functional. Further changes occur as the erector pili muscles of the skin contract raising the hairs in the skin thereby trapping an insulating layer of warm, still air right by the side of the skin. In humans, this mechanism is not very prominent and leads to the formation of goose bumps. Repeated contraction and relaxation of the skeletal muscles causes shivering in response to lowered temperature whereby heat generation occurs as a result of friction and other metabolic reactions. The endocrine glands like adrenal and thyroid glands become active causing secretion of adrenaline and thyroxine respectively that in turn accentuates the metabolic rate in various tissues in the body particularly like that of liver thereby generating heat (Houdas Ring, 2013). Therefore the homeostatic regulation of decreased body temperature in volves the interactions and interplay of various bodily organs with the hypothalamus as the chief regulator. Normal carbohydrate digestion results in glucose being absorbed into the blood and elevating blood glucose levels. Cells need to glucose to allow the body to utilize the carbohydrate in this form thereby aiding in the functioning of several metabolic reactions along with the physiological mechanisms. Glucose is responsible for storing of energy in the form of adenosine tri phosphate (ATP) that takes part in majority of the cellular processes. By virtue of cellular respiration glucose may also be broken down into ATP that in turn is again capable of being readily taken up by the cells in order to carry out various functions. Moreover glucose is considered as the chief metabolic fuel for the brain tissue particularly as the number of ATP molecules produced as a result of per oxygen consumption when glucose is completely oxidized to CO2 is quite high. Furthermore, glucose is the only molecule that is capable of supplying ATP even in absence of oxygen through the anaerobic glycolysis pat hway (Brosnan, 1999). The homeostatic feedback system is responsible for regulating the elevated blood glucose levels that gets activated in response to such metabolic alterations in the body. Elevated blood glucose level is detected by the pancreas that leads to the secretion of insulin from the ? cells in response. Insulin allows for the body cells to take up more glucose while the bulk portion is taken up by the liver thereby converting and storing them into glycogen. Ultimately this leads to the lowering of the blood glucose and the pancreas receives the signal for inhibiting the secretion of insulin (Ariyachet et al., 2016). Insulin is characterized of having the blood sugar lowering effect and is therefore considered as a hypoglycemic factor and its hypoglycemic action is achieved in the following manner. Insulin increases the permeability of different tissues to glucose so as to facilitate transport of glucose from blood to tissues. It helps in utilization of glucose in the c ells by stimulating glycogenesis (formation of glycogen from glucose), lipogenesis (conversion of glucose to fat) and oxidation of glucose for yielding energy. Insulin also inhibits formation of glucose through glycogenolysis and neoglucogenesis in liver and its entry into the blood (Brereton et al., 2014). Thus the glucose regulation is carried out by the pancreas along with the glucose receptor cells that are responsible for maintaining the blood glucose concentration in conjunction with the endocrine tissues of the Islets of Langerhans that maintain the glucose levels by virtue of secreting the hormones. Vitamins and minerals are important for body system health. Calcium and vitamin D are essential in the maintenance of bone health. Sources of calcium include milk, cheese, curd, hard water, lime, dark green leaves, carrot, cabbage and others. Besides this, the sources of Vitamin D include fatty fishes and their liver oils, dairy products such as chicken, egg, milk, butter and others. Furthermore Vitamin D is synthesized by the body and produced in the skin by exposure to sunlight. Calcium is an important constituent of bones and teeth and is responsible for imparting hardness, strength and concrete like module to them. They occur in the matrices of bone, dental enamel, dentin and cementum mainly as rod or platelet shaped crystals of calcium hydroxyapatites and carbon apatites. Vitamin D promotes the mineralization and remodeling of bones by coordinating the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts in several ways. It enhances the retention and deposition of calcium in bones by inducing the synthesis of calcium binding proteins. It further stimulates the differentiation of osteoclasts and induces calcium carrier proteins in them enhancing bone resorption (Bouillon Suda, 2014). If there was a lack of either calcium or Vitamin d in the body, the bone health would suffer major consequences. Deficiency of Vitamin D would cause rickets in which malformation of bones take place in case of children and young, while osteomalacia would occur in adult where fragility of bones is common. Deficiency of calcium would have culminated in similar outcomes where tetany and dental decay would have been a common consequence characterized by neuromuscular hyperexcitability, muscle spasm, paresthesia (Zidenberg-Cherr, 2016). Thus calcium ions and Vitamin D play crucial roles in bone health. References Ariyachet, C., Tovaglieri, A., Xiang, G., Lu, J., Shah, M. S., Richmond, C. A., Shivdasani, R. A. (2016). Reprogrammed stomach tissue as a renewable source of functional cells for blood glucose regulation. Cell stem cell, 18(3), 410-421. Bouillon, R., Suda, T. (2014). Vitamin D: calcium and bone homeostasis during evolution. BoneKEy reports, 3. Brereton, M. F., Iberl, M., Shimomura, K., Zhang, Q., Adriaenssens, A. E., Proks, P., Gribble, F. M. (2014). Reversible changes in pancreatic islet structure and function produced by elevated blood glucose. Nature communications, 5, 4639. Brosnan, J. T. (1999). Comments on metabolic needs for glucose and thea role of gluconeogenesis. European journal of clinical nutrition, 53, S107-S111. Houdas, Y., Ring, E. F. J. (2013). Human body temperature: its measurement and regulation. Springer Science Business Media. Liedtke, W. B. (2017). Deconstructing mammalian thermoregulation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 201620579. Romanovsky, A. A. (2014). Skin temperature: its role in thermoregulation. Acta Physiologica, 210(3), 498-507. Zidenberg-Cherr, S. (2016). Nutrition and Health Info Sheet: Calcium.

Iago and Othellos Marriage free essay sample

An analysis of the role Iago played in the destruction of Othellos marriage. This paper examines the various aspects of Iagos character in Shakespeares play, `Othello`. It focuses on his seemingly conflicting emotions and feelings for Othello and describes how his latent homosexuality leads him to cause the breakdown of Othellos marriage. Many readers who have enjoyed Shakepeares literary works credit the character Iago in Othello as his most wicked villain. His most intriguing characteristic is the fact that he does not really convince the reader on his true motives for creating the havoc he inspires in the play (http://www.sparknotes.com/shakespeare/othello/canalysis.html, 2). His plethora of reasons for hating various characters in the play are too loud and muddled, one minute expressing his hatred for Othello, his irritation over his wife Emilia, his envy of Cassio, his desire for Desdemona, etc. This paper endeavors to provide another motivation that truly drives Iago to create havoc in the relationships between other characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Iago and Othellos Marriage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is Iagos latent homosexuality, ultimately for Othello (http://www.geocities.com/corrinenefurness/othelloquestion3.htm, 3) yet also transferred to Cassio, which drives Iago to divide the marriage of Othello and Desdemona and distance any would-be rivals from Othellos confidence.